Higgs Boson (God particle)
-> Higgs field is a field that gives mass to an elementary particle when a particle interacts with it.
-> The particle associated with Higg's field is called Higg's Boson. Higg's Boson is an elementary particle produced by quantum excitation of the Higgs field.
-> It is named after physicist Peeter Higgs.
-> When particles interact with the Higgs field and attract Higg's Boson it will cluster around the particle in varying numbers.
-> The more particle attracts Higgs Boson, the more will be its mass.
-> This is called God particle because it was very much difficult to detect the particle. It took almost 50 years and a billion-dollar particle accelerator to do it. This nickname was used by icon Lederman for 1st time.
Gravitational Waves
-> They are ripples in space-time which is caused by some of the most violent and energetic processes in the universe.
-> These processes may include massive accelerating objects such as neutron or black holes or biting each other.
-> This process would disrupt spacetime in such a way that 'waves' of spacetime would propagate in all directions away from the source.
-> These waves travel at the speed of light carrying into about their origin.
-> In 1916 AD, Albert Einstein suggested the existence of these waves in the general theory of relativity.
-> Later in 2015, LIGO (Laser interferometer Gravitational) was produced by a pair of colliding black holes (36 and 29 times larger than the sun) about 1.3 billion light-years away this proved Einstein prediction.
Nanotechnology
-> It is the study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale.
-> It involves control of matter from 1 - 100nm.
-> It has the potential to create many new materials and devices with a vast range of applications such as in medicine, electronics, and energy production.
-> Nanoparticles are used in the field of food science and food microbiology.
Seismology
Seismology is the scientific study of earthquakes and seismic waves that wove through and around the earth or through other planet-like bodies.
Seismic Wave
They are the elastic waves that can propagate in a solid or fluid material. its types are:
1. Body Wave
They are those waves that travel through interior material. its types are:
a) P - wave (Primary / Pressure)
They are longitudinal waves that involve compression and rarefaction in direction of propagation.
-> It is a faster kind of seismic wave
-> It can travel through solids and liquid
b) S - Wave (SHear/ Secondary)
-> It is the second wave we feel in the earthquake.
-> It is slower than p - wave.
-> It can travel through solids.
-> It moves rock particles up and in a direction perpendicular to the direction of propagation.
2. Surface wave
-> It travels along the surface or interfaces of matter.
-> They are the result of the S and P waves interacting with the surface of the earth.
its types are:
a) Love Wave (Named after A.E.H Love)
-> It is formed by horizontally polarized S - waves interacting with the surface.
-> It only exists if there change in elastic properties with depth in a solid medium.
b) Rayleigh wave (Named after Lord Rayleigh)
-> It has both compressional and shear motions.
-> It results from the interaction of p - wave and vertically polarised s - wave with the surface.
-> It can exist in any solid medium.
-> It rolls along the ground just like a wave rolls across a lake or ocean.
-> It moves the ground up and down and sides to sides in the same direction.
-> Most of the shaking felt from an earthquake due to Rayleigh Wave.
Origin at Earthquake
-> Fault is a zone of fracture between two blocks of rock.
-> This fault can be natural or created by a volcanic eruption, bomb blasts, etc.
-> When Rock is underground a fault suddenly slides along.
-> After a while rock breaks and energy is released.
-> The sudden release of energy causes the seismic wave that makes the ground shake.
-> The rock continues to move until they get stuck again at the spot of origination of seismic wave called hypocenter or focus.
-> The place right above the focus is called the epicenter.
Gorkha Earthquake - 2015(2072
Magnitude --> 7.8
Epicenter --> Gorkha district at Buspark
Time --> 11.56 on 25 April 2015 or 12 Baisakh 2075
Hypocenter --> 8.2km deep
Aftershock --> 12 may 2015 at 12.50
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